A bale of discarded jeans at Renewcell’s pulp mill in Sweden.
Alexander Donka
The fashion industry has a very well-known waste problem.
Almost all (roughly 97%) of clothing eventually ends up in a landfill, according to McKinsey, and it doesn’t take very long for the lifecycle of the latest apparel to reach its end: 60% of clothing manufactured hits a landfill within 12 months of its manufacturing date.
In the last two decades, that concerning trend in clothing production has accelerated enormously with the rise of fast fashion, multinational production, and the introduction of cheaper plastic fibers.
The multi-trillion dollar fashion industry contributes significant greenhouse gas emissions, between 8% to 10% of total global emissions, according to the United Nations. That is more than all international flights and maritime shipping combined. And as other industries make progress on carbon reduction solutions, fashion’s carbon footprint is forecast to grow — it is predicted to account for over 25% of the world’s global carbon budget by 2050.
The apparel industry wants to be taken seriously when it comes to recycling, but even the simplest solutions haven’t worked. According to sustainability experts, as much as 80% of Goodwill clothing ends up going to Africa because the U.S. secondhand market can’t absorb the inventory. Even local drop-off bins send clothing to Africa due to the complexity of the domestic supply chain and overflow.
So far, refashioning old clothing into new clothing has barely made a dent in the industry. Currently, less than 1% of textiles produced for clothing are recycled into new clothing, which comes at a cost of a $100 billion a year in revenue opportunity, according to McKinsey Sustainability.
One big problem is the blending of textiles now common to the manufacturing process. With the majority of textiles in the fashion industry blended, it is harder to recycle one fiber without harming another. A typical sweater can contain multiple different types of fibers including a blend of cotton, cashmere, acrylic, nylon and spandex. None of the fibers can be recycled in the same pipeline, as has been economically done in the metals industry.
“You would have to decouple five intimately blended fibers and send them to five different recycling scenarios in order to recover most sweaters,” said Paul Dillinger, head of global product innovation at Levi Strauss & Co.
Evrnu — which ranked No. 37 on the 2023 CNBC Disruptor 50 list — is watching closely.
Flynn developed a textile recycling platform, NuCycl, that can transform discarded clothing into new fiber, and it says equal or outperform 90% of fibers, including cotton, nylon, and polyester, on cost and quality using existing textile supply chain equipment.
Evrnu’s first big break was a partnership with Levi’s to create the company’s classic 511 jeans in 2016, and it has also launched pilots with Stella McCartney and Adidas. Late last year it worked on a limited collection with fast fashion clothing giant — and consumer consumption flashpoint — Zara, using its recycled textile waste material.
Zara has a stated goal of using only 100% organic cotton, recycled, or sustainable material fabrics in all of its clothing and 100% recycled polyester and organic linen by 2025. But it isn’t yet clear how feasible that timeline is for any of the major brands.
“While there are numerous technological solutions to making clothing more sustainable, the technology does not yet match the scale and demand of the global fashion industry,” a Zara spokesperson said.
“In order to solve the system problem consumption needs to decrease, longevity of apparel needs to increase (reuse, repair), and product design needs to embrace sustainability (recyclable/designed for dis-assembly)” Flynn wrote in an email. “All of these run counter to the current fast fashion business model unless we can scale solutions.”
SB 707 bill was introduced in February to create a statewide recycling program for textiles.
In New York State, The Fashion Sustainability and Social Accountability Act, also known as the Fashion Act, would hold companies accountable for their recycling practices. It is currently backed by fashion brands like Eileen Fisher, Stella McCartney, Everlane, and Patagonia, as well as other advocacy organizations pushing to pass the bill.
Tricia Carey, chief commercial officer at Renewcell — a Swedish textile recycling company, which opened the world’s first commercial-scale textile-to-textile chemical recycling pulp mill — says she can see the differences between consumer behavior in the U.S. and Europe traveling between both frequently.
“Consumers also need to look at how they’re disposing of garments and making sure that’s being done responsibly. It’s kind of going back to the times when garments are treasured and not just tossed,” Carey said.
Renewcell’s ambition is to recycle more than 1.4 billion t-shirts every year by 2030. Renewcell’s technology has its own limitations, however, only able to recycle clothes that are made of cotton and up to 5% non-cotton material like polyester.
Textile recycling companies like Renewcell, Evrnu, Spinnova, and SuperCircle view co-branding with major consumer companies as a key element to ensuring consumers understand the value of what they’re buying and bolstering brand loyalty.
“It’s about making wise purchase decisions because your buying power is how you’re making decisions. Look for brands that have strategies around sustainability … I think being loyal to those brands is very important,” Carey said.
But these new business models should not be expecting the biggest payoff to be measured in recycling business dollars, Songer said. “You can’t look at recycling and think you’re going to make a million bucks recycling cotton t-shirts, because you’re not,” she said. “You have to find another way to make it make economic sense, and these business models are going to be really interesting in the next few years.”